Underwater welding.

Константин Константинович Хренов or in english Konstantin Konstantinovich Khrenov was a russian electrical engineer who was born in Borovsk, Russia in 1984.

Konstantin Konstantinovich Khrenov

 He is credited with the invention of underwater welding known as hyperbaric welding which is used on ships oil rigs and also pipelines, this is done by putting a flux on the weld at which  the electrodes burn the flux.  For its use in World war II  he was accredited the award of Stalin State prize in 1946.  He finished his schooling in electrochemistry in Saint Petersburg State Electrotechnical University. Khrenov spent most of his career creating inventions for welding techniques the science behind welding under water a nitrogen or argon bubble is blown.  Some welding techniques only require electrodes.  In his research he understood that the biggest hurdle was because of the sporadic bubbles that flowed under water.  

Wet welding.

Welding circuit.

 In this type of welding the the positive section of the electrode goes positive DC,  there is a quick deterioration of the flux. AC cannot be used because it can travel too easily in water.  The power needs to be around 300 or 400 amps.  Ground must be connected to the ship in order for the electrodes too flow.  A knife switch must be used for safety reasons.

The electrodes must be waterproofed so that the water cannot come into contact with the metal parts.  If the water makes any contact with the metal than it will destroy the ark as the voltage will yield to the metallic conductor.

Underwater wet welding.

Dry welding.

Dry hyperbaric welding  can be preformed at higher pressure the chamber filled with the gas mixture sealed around the structure. Most types of hyperbaric welding suffers as pressure increases. Dry water has been limited to less than 400m.

After the first successful wet weld due too the fact that metal was in such demand in Russia.

3D Printed Implants Save The Lives Of 3 Babies

In my earlier blogs I talked about how 3D printing is saving people lives and making things cheaper, the endless applications of 3D printing never cease to astound. The absolutely marvellous manufacturing technology is being used to produce houses, prosthetic beaks, robotic arms, rocket parts, blood vessels, food, exoskeletons - you name it. Now surprisingly it helped to save 3 babies in the U.S from life threatening condition.  

The infants suffered from a terminal disease known as Tracheobronchomalacia. This is a rare condition in which weakness of the walls of the windpipe causes the airway to narrow or collapse. Therefore it causes breathing problems, many patients experience a harsh collection of other side effects for example heat attacks or the inability to absorb food properly. 

Many children outgrow the condition by the age of two or three after newly developed tissue has reinforced the floppy airways but many children die before they have a chance to become strong enough. This was unfortunately outcome for the 3 young boys who had spent extended periods in intensive care.

 

Back in 2012 the first patient was Kaiba Gionfriddo, senior study author Glenn Green and biomedical engineering professor Scott Holister used 3D printing to create tailored stents for each individual patient as shown above in the picture. These were designed from the CT scan which provided details of the exact size and shape of their trachea. Then those hollow stents were stitched by surgeons on the outside of the trachea so that the weak airway remains open.

 

The implants were designed to be flexible enough to allow movement. The material they used was a cheap and harmless plastic called Polycaprolactone that's slowly breaks down over 3 or 4 years upon exposure to bodily fluids which is then absorbed by the body.  

 

Thankfully the surgery was a success in all 3 boys and has significantly improvement in their lives. The children are now 17 months and 3 years old they no longer have life-threatening airway disease and could go home.

 

“We were pleased to find that all of our cases so far have proven to improve these patients’ lives,” Green said in a statement. “The potential of 3D-printed medical devices to improve outcomes for patients is clear, but we need more data to implement this procedure in medical practice.”

 

 

http://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/how-3d-printing-transformed-lives-3-babies-life-threatening-diseases

By Ayesha Javaid.

3D printitng is saving lifes

In my earlier blogs I talked about 3D organs. You must be thinking she's is going to repeat the same thing. No, this time I wont bore you by making you read the big long blogs. I am aware of the fact that not all of us enjoy reading. I am linking a YouTube video below just sit back relax and enjoy the video by sipping a cup of herbal tea. Well you don't have to have a cup of herbal tea, coffee will do just fine. I am 99.99999% sure that you'll be amazed after watching this video and most importantly its worth watching it. Now without any further delay here we go. 

By Ayesha Javaid. 

Robots talking like humans

This particular aspect of humanoid robots.This is still in its early stages of development. But in Kagawa university in Japan where they have developed a mechanical robot mouth even thought it looks very creepy

The robots mouth and tongue are made from a mixture of silicone rubber. The nose is made out a plaster which gives it similar characteristics to the human nose.the professor who created it professor Swada had this to say  

'' we've given the robot the score for the song Kagome. its already  learned how to make the sound ''ka'' and it'll retrieve that information from its brain. The robots also learned hot to change a sound's pitch by changing the air flow so it will retrieve that data. In other words, it will use the information already in its brain to make sounds, while estimating speech movements based on the score. So all we are giving it is the words and the pitch''

As the video suggests there are still a lot of work that has to occur.But when it sounds like a human and not like the voices that we have today on robots this will usher in a whole new time for communications with robots. 

By Hayden Smith 

William Gilbert

William Gilbert was born on Mat 24 1544  he was born in Londan England, he is accepted as one of the founders of the electrical age,  the unit of magnetomotive force and also magnetic potential is named after him.  He gained a masters in Cambridge in 1569.  From his magentic studies he came to the conclusion that the earth's center was a large magnet consisting of iron which is the which was the reason that his magnet pointed north.

William Gilbert [1].

He is known as the first person too coin the phrase "electricity. He recognized that the friction created when an object rubs against another as effluvium.
The following is an extract that is translated from the  his book De Magnete.

The electric effluvia differ much from air, and as air is the earth's effluvium, so electric bodies have their own distinctive effluvia; and each peculiar effluvium has its own individual power of leading to union, its own movement to its origin, to its fount, and to the body emitting the effluvium.

—De Magnete, English translation by Paul Fleury Mottelay, 1893 

William Gilbert was an observer more so than an inventor he noticed that the water in the air effected this effluvia. Using two magnets Gilbert knew that they would either attract  or repel.  He observed that iron would always be attracted to the magnet.  Iron then became a permanent magnet in this case when it was put close to the magnet this is because magnetic poles have matched pairs, the  other end of the bar becomes an S pole.

Test of magnets and iron [2]

Gilbert was right about temporary  magnetism when he attempted an original experiment.  With two strings strings, he placed two  iron bars that were above a  terrella, and came to the conclusion that they repelled each other. The terrella caused the iron bars both became a temporary magnet of which were the same polarities, because of this both the magnets repelled each other.

Gilbert also determined that static and magnetic properties were different, that if an insulator rubs off an insulator that it becomes statically charged ie if two nylon bars are rubbed against each other they repel each other.  Two objects with an opposite charge will attract each other.  He suggested that a perfectly spherical lodestone when pointing  in the direction of both the poles the lodestone would begin too spin.  By making this statement he was pointing out that the earth was not at the center of the universe.

The first logic gate.

Nikola Tesla was a gifted inventor and the one who sparked the beginning of the electronic age, a genius in electrical and mechanical engineering he was born 1856 in Smiljan  Croatia,  his father Milutin an orthodox priest who was a very stern man but also a very considerate loving man with a talent for writing poetry, his mother Djuka  a gifted inventor who had a photographic memory, for this reason Nikola credited his ability too absorb knowledge and believed that his mothers photographic memory was hereditory even being passed down to him giving him the ability to learn off many books by heart and to do excellent tasks such as being able to do manners of calculus in his mind of which would lead his teachers too believe that he was cheating.  Also having the incredible ability too see his inventions with intimacy in his mind knowing the exact calculations and measurements before even laying a hand too creating it.
Nikola tesla began his studies in Smiljan in a gymnasium and continued on too Graz university where he studied  in electrical and Mechanical engineering.
Nikola tesla moved too america in 1884 in order too meet Thomas Edison after a dispute they quickly separated ways because of a there inability to work with each other due too different methodology in there designing process.  Thomas Edison largely due to the fact of his informal education was very tedious in his inventions, choosing too use step by step methods to create his inventions this meant that the design process was very slow.
Tesla was the opposite of this he was able too create entire inventions in his mind.  Tesla has over 278 patents but most off his inventions he did not patent and  other ones are missing due too military aerospace and advancement's in technology that could have had implications on economic blocks. The invention that I will be talking about in this blog is the remote controlled boat which was the first use of remote control ever too control a vessel with radio waves.  Created by Nikola tesla in 1898 it was show cased in Madison square garden.  It electrified the crowds in Madison square garden which some decried as magic not believing that such a feat was impossible too do.
The boat was a 4 foot vessel and controlled in an indoor pool.

[1] Picture of Tesla displaying his Remote controlled boat in Madison square garden. 

Using a radio control device he was able too manoeuvre a boat also he was able to turn the two led's on and off by a switch. From his patent in 1898 [2] it is written That "As to that part of my invention which involves the production of suitable waves or variations and the conveying of the same to a remote receiving apparatus capable of being operated or controlled by their influence, it may be carried out in various ways" this represents that the method that he used was by sending waveforms through the air that were recieved at the apparatus and that the boat could read these waveforms and be operated through the use of "electromatic induction" upon a conductor.  Another piece of genius was hidden inside this device by the use of the operation off a technology that was used to determine  hertzian waveforms. The waveforms were picked up by the antenna that was centred at the middle of the boat.  Through the frequency of the waveforms the antenna was connected too two logic gates which were able to determine toggle actions due to different signals.  Take into account that this was in 1898 that this was created 14 years before the date that the first logic gates were said to be invented in 1912.  By use of these logic gates the boat was able to move right or left also the leds were able too be turned on and off.[3]
This is a piece written by Leland Anderson [3]

That said, there is clear evidence that Tesla’s early inventions laid the foundation for the modern computer..according to Leland Anderson and expert in field of engineering and technical patents:

“I am puzzled by the reluctance of some in the computer technology field to acknowledge Tesla’s priority in this regard in contrast to the adulation given to Messrs, Brattain, Bardeen and Shockley for the invention of the transistor which made electronic computers a practical reality.  Telsa’s patents contain the basic principles of the logical AND circuit element.  The simultaneous occurrence of two or more prescribed signals at the input to device element produced an output form the device element.  Thus the subject early Tesla patents, which were designed to achieve interference protection from outside influences in the command of radio controlled weapons, have proved to be an obstacle for anyone attempting a basic logical AND circuit element patent in this era of modern computer technology”  

                                                     [4]  Design of the boat.
The problem is that Nikola Tesla did not write out calculations of his inventions so we do not have exact explanations of how it operated.
                                             
By -Michael Nolan

(BSXinsight) The Sensor Threshold

(BSXinsight) The Sensor Threshold

It let athletes know how far to push themselves. The athletes have to maintain a delicate balance – they want to make sure that they're "giving it everything they've got," yet they don't want to push themselves to the point that they cramp up or drop from exhaustion. It's made to let athletes know how close they're getting to the edge, so they can approach it but not go over.

When we perform any sustained vigorous physical activity, (the base of lactic acid) builds up in our bloodstream. Once those levels get too high, the body simply isn't able to produce the required energy anymore.

The usual method of checking (the base of lactic acid) levels is via finger-prick blood tests. The BSXinsight instead uses light, to provide real-time readings on a paired smartphone or smart watch.

The device consists of a stretchable cuff that's worn on the calf, and an electronic module that can be snapped in and out of a receptacle on the back of that cuff. The module contains an LED array and a light detector. That array emits light into the muscle tissue, some of which is reflected back to the detector. The manner in which that light is reflected is affected by metabolic activity within that tissue. Therefore, by analyzing that light, it's possible to determine the lactate level in that muscle.

Readings are sent via Bluetooth or ANT+ to the user's mobile device. It, in turn, lets them know if they should ease up, or if they can in fact push themselves even harder. The BSXinsight additionally keeps track of parameters such as calories burned and cadence, to further help users track their performance.

By AbdulRahman Mandourah